Research by Indicator

Articles linked to specific dashboard indicators — see the research behind each metric

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Citation-Grade Filters

to
Heuristic classification, ~70% precision

Core Methodologies

The three published AI exposure methodologies used in our composite scores. Pinned here for quick reference.

Peer-reviewed peer-reviewed

How will Language Modelers like ChatGPT Affect Occupations and Industries?

Edward W. Felten, Manav Raj, Robert Seamans

Woodrow Wilson International Center 2023

What it measures: AI exposure at the occupation and industry level using an AIOE index that maps AI capabilities to O*NET task descriptions.

What it doesn't: Does not predict actual job losses (displacement) — only task-level exposure. Coverage limited to 774 SOC codes.

Working Paper working paper

GPTs are GPTs: Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models

Tyna Eloundou, Sam Manning, Pamela Mishkin, Daniel Rock

2023

What it measures: LLM exposure across all O*NET occupations, scoring both exposure with and without access to complementary tools.

What it doesn't: Does not model timing or magnitude of displacement. Exposure scores are proxies, not predictions.

Academic Research working paper

Generative AI and Finance

Andrea L. Eisfeldt, Gregor Schubert

2025

What it measures: Firm-level and occupation-level exposure to generative AI, using a task-based methodology grounded in O*NET work activities.

What it doesn't: Focused on finance sector; broader generalization requires extrapolation. Does not predict employment outcomes.

Start Here: Essential Reads

Key articles to understand AI's impact on labor — start with these before browsing the full library

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About the Dashboard

The AI Labor Displacement Dashboard tracks public labor-market data and published AI-exposure research to provide a real-time, evidence-based view of how AI is affecting the US workforce.

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